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"Without the freedom to blame, it is not flattering praise. "

notes during the Tuesday, February 8, CS-MDI

From drumming in The Gazette

Humans have always needed information about the world around them.

Ancestors of newspapers are the troubadours of the Middle Ages or town criers.

• The "acta diurna " the Romans are the first publications approaching the log name. They are distributed in public places throughout the Roman Empire.
  The sensational events, new political and military related.
• From verbal information is organized:
  - network by Indian smoke signals
  - pigeons
  - System couriers of the Mongol Empire (Genghis Khan, 1150-1227, 20000 -? - couriers).
• Gradually, written manuscripts spread in Europe (late 13 th ). Trade needs information (Merchants and bankers advise their counter-s-s). Papermaking and the establishment of a network of stations allow this development.
• GUTENBERG (Johann Gensfleich his real name, picture) invented the printing press (v.1430). Thin pamphlets (" casual ") are sold primarily in the cities and the countryside through hawkers. The subjects are court cases, cataclysms, watches ... Sensationalism.
  
  These logs are called "ducks " and retain their popularity until the early 19 th ^.

the early 18th century, attitudes are changing and the thirst for knowledge touches part of the population. To follow the news, we need closer publications. RENAUDOT Theophrastus (pictured) had understood this need. He published (by royal privilege dated 16 May 1631) "The Gazette " which reaches 1200 copies in 1638. His contribution is crucial because he invented the editorial and prefers facts to sensational reviews.

"I do not give a history of the stuff done but to make it"
• The Enlightenment are also felt on the press.

The press and the state

barely born, the press has to face the political power that mistrusts and therefore wishes to control, smooth or by force.

• Gazette, the Journal des Savants, Le Mercure Galant 3 titles are authorized under Louis XIV (plus a few newspaper titles specializing in medicine or law).

• gossip, rumors or indiscreet criticisms go hand in hand through underground publications which escape censorship.
• The reading rooms or spaces of public libraries reflect the passion of the information or the taste of the discussion. Censorship is becoming increasingly difficult. In this period of the Enlightenment philosophers, they regret the lack of distance information or weakness of reflection, affirm the importance of presence of a free press .
• In the U.S., freedom of the press is guaranteed by the p irst Amendment to the Constitution . Congress can not vote laws limiting freedom of the press.
• During the French Revolution, the press enjoys a virtually unlimited freedom from 1789 to 1792.
• Napoleon after his coup, took over control of the press. He then removes some sixty newspapers and restores permission. In 1811 he left Paris to 4 daily.
• 1881: law on freedom of information. This text affirms a few liberties but also establishes the press offenses (crimes against the State or against persons tired ...).

techniques and progress

The rise of the press to 19 th is inseparable from technological change.

• In 1795, English Stanhope (pictured) invented the all-metal press, the first industrial machine, greatly increases the daily production .

• 1816: Koenig & Bauer develops perfecting press (allowing both sides; 11,000 newspapers per hour).
• 1860: Coverley & Mac Donald who invented the printing press to modernize and further develop rapidly. In rotating the second generation appeared in 1866, the paper itself is mounted on reels. The prints go up to 20,000 sheets per hour (1866, press Bullock) and 50,000 (1872 Marinoni press).
• Meanwhile, means of communication improve and develop (telegraph, rail, telephone).
• News agencies born, with the presence of correspondents in each country ( Havas in France - founded in 1835, Reuters UK - Founded in 1851, Agenzia Stefani Italy - founded in 1853).
• Journalism is a profession that relies on principles (accuracy, brevity, objectivity ...). These rules will define the news media that opposes the opinion press.
• The press becomes a power and fills the public's expectations for new ideas or events important.

The golden age of newspapers

Big media companies are created from 1830 to 1914. They will face a problem: newspapers are read much but sell little.

• 1836: "The Press" newspaper at half price. The increase in the number of readers compensates process (taken over by France Soir, a priori, without success).
• 

  1863: the "Petit Journal " is launched. He reached one million copies daily. Wow, brief news items and serial captivate readers.
• 1898: "L'Aurore " publishes "J'accuse" of Zola (pictured). 300,000 copies sold out within
  hours (against the 20,000 to 30,000 on average).

The image has the power

The technological progress makes the picture, radio and television compete first, then upset the information structures. The photograph was an immediate success (strong immediate impact, potential emotional).

• In 1843, launch of "The illustration ", weekly (for an affluent audience) amply illustrated.
  
  
• agencies specialized in the field of image are: Gamma (founded by Depardon Lattès ... 1966), Sygma (founded by Henrotte in 1973, bankruptcy since May 2010), Magnum (founded by Henri Cartier Bresson Robert Capa ... in 1947)
  
  

• The search for a scoop at all costs may lead to drifts.
• 1924: first newspaper spoke from the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower. This new medium has a huge advantage: the immediacy of news transmission.
• 1949: the first newspaper in image contains 10,000 spectators. Gradually, practice a television dramatization of information that changes the role of journalists and the public.
• The reaction of the press is working in the vicinity and particularly the fact-diverse neighborhood (what is now the radio).
• Internet and the tabloids threaten the traditional print media information.

The problem internet

Can it offer a place for a public debate of opinion? Or deliver it completely destroys the journalistic profession? Obviously everyone can talk, spread the photos or videos, stating the opinion most questionable without any control.

Two concepts are emerging:

• reaction of the press because it functions as a confrontation of opinions.
• End of classical journalism because the net offers greater proximity to its readers.

Notes:

• transmitters and multiple locations can mean a loss of identity.
• Individual expression is possible, but the comparison must be done openly, otherwise it is impossible to construct a new public space.
  
  
  

  Bibliography:

  P. Albert, History Press , PUF, coll. What do I know? 2003, 126p .

  D. Lormier History of the Press in France , Paperback, 2004, 126p.

  J. Wolgensinger, The great adventure of the press , et al. Discoveries, Gallimard, 1998, 189p.

  Encyclopedia Universalis.

  BNF, the BNF's bookmarks, history section.